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Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. World Journal of Surgical Oncology Advanced search. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Abstract Paralleling the diversity of genetic and protein activities, pathologic human tissues also exhibit diverse radiographic features.

Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe. This is a preview of subscription content. Change institution. Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. Figure 1: Linking imaging traits and global gene expression. Figure 2: An association map of imaging traits and global gene expression. Figure 3: Molecular portraits of HCC from imaging traits.

Figure 4: Imaging traits predict venous invasion and survival. References 1 Eisenberg, R. Google Scholar 2 Chung, C. Author information Affiliations Dept. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests E. Supplementary information. Supplementary Table 1 Imaging trait name and definition. Designing a translator that produced efficient programs turned out to be a huge challenge, and, by the time the system was launched in April , six months had become three years.

The Formula Translator consisted of 18, instructions, which was not especially long as programs went, but it embodied fiendishly complex algorithms for code optimization. Fortran was eagerly taken up by users of the IBM , and other computer manufacturers also produced Fortran systems so that their machines' software would be compatible with IBM's.

Fortran became the lingua franca of scientific computing, which it remains 50 years on — today, for example, the UK Meteorological Office's computer model for climate change consists of a one-million-line Fortran program. Fortran has often been criticized for its inelegance, but as Backus subsequently explained, when it was being designed efficiency was paramount and very little thought was given to the language itself.

And of course, no one could have dreamed that the language would still be going strong half a century later. Because of the need for backward compatibility, Fortran has never escaped the path-dependency of those early decisions.

In the late s Backus became a member of the Algol Committee, which was designing an international scientific programming language, named Algol The language was specified in Backus—Naur form, a notation that Backus devised in collaboration with the Danish computer scientist Peter Naur. Algol 60 was an elegant language that was popular in Europe in the s and s.

However, it was never able to replace Fortran, primarily because of the investment already made in the Fortran code. Nonetheless, Algol was hugely influential in programming-language design — most modern programming languages, such as C and Java, can trace their roots to the language, and the Backus—Naur form is part of the computer-science canon.

After the pizzazz of the Fortran years, Backus's subsequent career was calmly scientific. At IBM Research, Backus led a research group in functional programming, a new programming paradigm that aimed at computation through the evaluation of mathematical functions.

The idea was to bypass what Backus called the 'von Neumann bottleneck', after John von Neumann, one of the inventors of the computer. As Backus explained it, a computer consisted of a processor and a memory; the object of a program was to change the state of the memory, using the processor, but this had to be done painfully slowly, one instruction at a time. But although functional programming became and remains a major computer-science research topic worldwide, it has never broken through to the mainstream.